Causes Of The Great Depression Essay - 1699 Words

In 1929 the stock market crashed, triggering the worst depression ever in U.S. history, which lasted for about a decade. During the 1920s, the unequal distribution of wealth and the stock market speculation combined to create an unstable economy by the end of the decade. The unequal distribution of the wealth had several outlets. Money was distributed between industry and agriculture within the U.S.; in social classes, between the rich and middle class; and lastly in world markets, between America and Europe. Due to the imbalance of the wealth, the economy became very unstable. The stock market crashed because of the excessive speculation in the 1920’s, which made the stock market artificially high (Galbraith 175). The poor†¦show more content†¦An example of this type of legislation is the Revenue Act of 1926, which significantly reduced income and inheritance taxes (Goldston 23). The introduction of credit to the American public proved to choke the economy rather than to stimulate it. To make an economy run properly, the total demand must equal total supply. The economy of the 1920s produced an over supply of goods. It was not that the surplus products were not wanted, but that the people who needed them could not afford the products. The working class spent most of their money on things they needed: food, shelter, and clothes. They also purchased some luxury items, but their income limited them to only a few of these purchases. Meanwhile, the rich were enjoying their increased profits. While the vast majority did not have enough money to satisfy all of their material wants and needs, the manufactures continued to produce surplus goods. Recognizing that the surpluses could be sold if consumers were financially able to buy them, the concept of buying on credit was established. Credit was immediately popular. Nearing the end of the decade, 75 percent of al l automobiles were purchased on credit (EV 526). The credit system created artificial demand for products which people could not usually buy. People could not spend their regular wages to purchase products, because much of their income went toward their credit payments. The poor distribution of wealth within the U.S extended to entireShow MoreRelatedCauses Of The Great Depression1319 Words   |  6 Pageshaving classic satisfying life concluded when the Great Depression ushered in the negative trend that would impact the U.S. economy in 1929. Therefore, what happened? In this essay, we will discuss what the Great Depression was for the Americans, the causes of the Great Depression, and the U.S.’s recovery from the Great Depression. The Great Depression One of the terrifying times in the U.S. history is the Great Depression. The Great Depression is an economic phenomenon, which according to theRead MoreGreat Depression and Its Causes1256 Words   |  6 PagesThe causes of the Great Depression of the 1920s and 1930s has been argued about for generations. Most people agree on several key topics and that it was the severity and length of time the Depression lasted that was actually the most remarkable. Hoover made many noteworthy attempts to try and solve this crisis, yet in the end it was President Roosevelt and his New Deal, that brought many Americans hope for the future. The first factor in the start of the Depression was the lack of diversityRead MoreCauses of the Great Depression2012 Words   |  9 Pages The causes of the Great Depression in the early 20th century is a matter of active debate between economists. Although the popular belief is that the main cause was the crashing Stock Market in 1929 caused the Great Depression, There were other major economic events that contributed just as much as the crash, such as American’s overextension of credit, an unequal distribution of wealth, over production of goods, and a severe drop in business revenue. As these events transpired the state of economicRead More Causes of the Great Depression Essay1143 Words   |  5 PagesCauses of the Great Depression Throughout the 1920’s, new industries and new methods of production led to prosperity in America. America was able to use its great supply of raw materials to produce steel, chemicals, glass, and machinery that became the foundation of an enormous boom in consumer goods (Samuelson, 2). Many US citizens invested on the stock market, speculating to make a quick profit. This great prosperity ended in October 1929. People began to fear that the boom was going toRead MoreCauses of the Great Depression Essay1108 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States has experienced recessions about every twenty years (give or take) since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. Nothing that had happened before was quite this serious, chaotic, or as long lasting as the Great Depression. The crash was felt far beyond those on the trading floors. Speculators who borrowed money from the banks to buy their stocks could not repay the loans because they could not sell stocks, because no one else would buy them. This caused many banks to fail,Read MoreCauses of The Great Depression Essay701 Words   |  3 Pages Imagine a society where over 25% of the population was unemployed. That is what it reached during The Great Depression (â€Å"The Great Depression†). During the depression unemployment rates were the highest they have ever been. It is highly speculated to this day on what exactly caused The Great Depression. Most historians agree it was a chain of events, one after another, that brought our country into chaos. Some events were more impactful than others. These events caused pandemonium amongRead MoreEssay on The Causes of the Great Depression697 Words   |  3 PagesThe Causes of The Great Depression History Imagine waking up one morning, only to find out that all your investments and savings are gone. So if your bank that you invested all your money in collapsed, you didn’t get any money back. This is what happened to millions of Americans during the 1930s. This era was called the great depression. The great depression was one of the worst economy issues we have ever had in history. It was a hard time for everyone. The great depression started in 1929Read More The Cause of the Great Depression Essay552 Words   |  3 PagesThe Cause of the Great Depression The economic expansion of the 1920’s, with its increased production of goods and high profits, culminated in immense consumer speculation that collapsed with disastrous results in 1929 causing America’s Great Depression. There were a number or contributing factors to the depression, with the largest and most important one being a general loss of confidence in the American economy. The reason it escalated was a general misunderstanding of recessions byRead MoreCauses Of The Great Depression And The Great Recession2292 Words   |  10 Pages1. Examine the causes of the Great Depression of the 1930s and consider what similarities and differences can be drawn with the problems from the financial and economic crisis which began in 2008. Introduction 2007-2009 in America has often been described as the worst economic crisis since the Great Depression in 1929. There was lots of debate whether the economy was slipping back to double dip recession but there is considerable evidence that the economic crisis in 2008 is worse than the crisisRead MoreCauses of the Great Depression Essay651 Words   |  3 PagesIn the 1920s, American economy had a great time. The vast majority of Americans in 1929 foresaw a continuation of the dizzying economic growth that had taken place in most of the decade. However, the prices of stock crested in early September of 1929. The price of stock fell gradually during most of September and early October. On â€Å"Black Tuesday† 29 October 1929, the stock market fell by forty points. After that, a historically great and long economic depression started and lasted until the start of

Toefl Treating Pets Like Family Members Free Essays

The issue of treating pets like family members is a debatable one. On the one hand, pets are charming creatures that mean a lot for their owners. But on the other hand, people should not forget that pets are animals which have specific instincts and habits differ from those of human beings and, as a result, able to do harm to people. We will write a custom essay sample on Toefl Treating Pets Like Family Members or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, in the final analysis, I think that pets are good friends of people and shall be treated accordingly. One reason in support of my thinking is that pets like real family members spend together with their families a great amount of time. Pets and their owners do a lot of things together from ordinary home stuff such as playing games, walking and watching TV to going shopping, visiting friends and traveling. When there is a child in a family pets become his little friends that everywhere follow him while parents are busy with their house work. So pets are always near their owners, ready to share owners’ joy and troubles, bringing a lot of fun for the whole family and making family members smile and feel pleased and happy. One would never feel lonely with them. Another reason for my thinking is that some pets are good caretakers. They see to the house, secure their owners and protect them from danger, help to take care of children. Maybe one of the best examples of pets care is dogs that help blind people survive in their everyday life. Pets would never leave their owners alone in a difficult situation. Perhaps, the best reason is that treating pets as family members has a good influence on children’s education. Looking after the pet, children will learn not to be selfish and to think and take care about the others. For the above reasons, I therefore conclude that having pets is an advantage for people and pets owners can really benefit from treating pets like family members. How to cite Toefl Treating Pets Like Family Members, Essays

Software Development Basic Design Used in a Software Design Process

Question: 1. Explain why the odds of a risk arising and the impact of those risks occurring are likely to change over the course of the project.2. Explain why a software estimation model, like COCOMO, might not apply to a very large software project the exceeds one million lines of code. Answer: Project Planning and Approach Waterfall model is a sequential approach of the basic design used in a software design process. The main steps of the design are approached sequentially in order to maintain a balance in the designing phase of the software. The sequences followed are as shown below. Figure 1: Waterfall Sequence used in Software Design (Source: Created by Author) In the requirements phase, the requirements and the necessary tools and parameters are analyzed and collected. For example, during coding process, the necessary values of the parameters of the software are analyzed and determined. In the design phase, the basic design of the software is made according to the determined values of parameters and the requirements of the software. In the implementation phase, the values are implemented into the design framework in the form of codes or command lines. Operations of these command lines drive the software according to requirements. In the verification phase, the command lines are verified whether they meet the requirements of the software or not. Moreover, verification also enables the designer to detect any error in the command sequence. Maintenance phase is needed to execute the commands in a proper sequence for the whole running time of the software (Kumar Singh, 2015). The waterfall is more suitable for the design processes of simple so ftwares that have low running time. For complex software programming, the SCRUM based approach is used. In the SCRUM approach, no particular approach is followed. Rather the complex parts of the program are coded and then matched with real world results. Since the running times of the complex softwares are extremely high, the total time is divided into several phases and modifications are done to each phase. After all the modifications and new entries are complete, all the phases are integrated together. The main working theory of this approach is that, in this method, the unnecessary parts of the software program are eliminated and fixed values or constants are added to the command lines (Bosnic et al., 2015). The SCRUM methodology includes a fixed set of rules, guidelines and steps that must be followed during the course of the project. 1. During the course of the project, the odds of risks and their effects change gradually because the codes are constantly changed after testing and checking. During the course of the project, the parts of the software design codes are checked and evaluated using software estimation tools. If errors are detected, the code line (or lines) is changed accordingly. Hence, the odds of risk also changes accordingly (Alam et al., 2013). The possible effects of risks also change since changes are made to the software coding constantly. 2. COCOMO is a basic software estimation model that is used to determine the running time of a software. In a large software design containing more than millions of code lines, the running time gradually tends to infinity with respect to the start time estimation. Hence, if COCOMO is used in determining the running time, it will encounter infinite time and will show errors (Garg et al., 2014). COCOMO is basically designed to determine the running time of only a part of the software during designing phase. References Alam, O., Kienzle, J., Mussbacher, G. (2013). Concern-oriented software design. InModel-Driven Engineering Languages and Systems(pp. 604-621). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Bosnic, I., Ciccozzi, F., Di Nitto, E., Feljan, J., Mirandola, R. (2015). Introducing SCRUM into a Distributed Software Development Course. Garg, K., Kaur, P., Kapoor, S., Narula, S. (2014). Enhancement in COCOMO Model Using Function Point Analysis to Increase Effort Estimation. Kumar, B., Singh, K. (2015). Testing UML Designs Using Class, Sequence and Activity Diagrams.International Journal for Innovative Research in Science and Technology,2(3), 71-81.

The Creative Mind Of The Spunkmaster Essays - Jackass,

The Creative Mind Of The Spunkmaster Pyro explodes from The Nassau Coliseum in the heart of Long Island, as the 2nd PCW PPV kicks off with Metallica performing Seek -N- Destroy to open up the show !! The crowd is psyched up for this show tonight folks !! Your commentators at ringside are Jackass JR and King Zio !!! ( All The Small Things by Blink 182 plays over the sound system ) JACKASS JR - Here comes Ashley Marty, leading her punk brigade of Cristian Maiullo, Craig Grauso, and Tim Ogden to do battle with the GOD Squad. ( Revolution? by Kirk Franklin plays ) KING ZIO - Here comes the GOD Squad, consisting of Michael Morganti, Kevin Cahill, and Father Joly with Maria Nouri and Kelly Dow. Wait !! Another body has made his way through the curtain, its no...IT CAN'T BE !! JACKASS JR- ITS THE SULTAN OF THE SAX !! ITS RANDY SILANG !!!! The Punk Pit comes out strong, but the lanky body of Morganti enables him to toss Craig around the ring like a sack of potatoes. Ogden gets a point for his team by taking out the ankle of Michael, and the two Punk Pitters proceed to give Morganti a wish-bone !! Morganti is writhing in pain from the shock of his legs being separated in that cruel type fashion. Cristian goes to backdrop Cahill, but instead Cahill throws Cristians head to the mat with a handful of spiky, highlighted hair . He then drops an elbow, and goes for the pin, but its broken up by a big boot to the head by Ogden. All hell breaks loose as all 6 men enter the ring !! Kelly enters to low-blow Cristian, but is speared to hell by Ashley !! The Punk Pit picks up momentum as Grauso goes for the Stewy Spike, but as he gets up Maria Nouri hits him with a flying clothesline !! Randy then covers Grauso and the GOD Squad steals a victory !! JACKASS JR- What a match !! I hope we see more of these 2 factions against each other !! The GOD Squad better count their blessings though King !! KING ZIO - Definitely JR !! But now we have a hardcore title match coming up !! These 3 have some blood, sweat and tears to shed after this !! ( Samurai music plays ) JACKASS JR -Coming to the ring, by way of Tokyo, Japan, he is the Lethal Weapon, Steve Chewy Blackman !! KING ZIO - This guy has no personality JR !! Kinda reminds me of that guy Martin...that really smart kid at that PC high school... ( Come As You Are by Nirvana plays ) KING ZIO - Now entering the junkyard, this is Raven !!! JACKASS JR - Haven't I seen this bum before ? Didn't he play the part of Lysander ? Nah, couldn't be..... ( Wait and Bleed by Slipknot plays ) KING ZIO - Here we go !! Here comes the champion !! From the Red Hook section of Brooklyn, New York, this is TAZ !!! JACKASS JR - People know this man as RAVI from the PC locker room !! He has a reputation as one tough, little son of a gun !! All 3 men immediately grab a weapon, Chewy gets his resident kendo sticks, Raven armed with a chain, and Taz with a steel chair. Chewy goes to swing, but Raven catches it with the chain, and proceeds to start swinging The Lethal Weapon around like a retarded merry-go-round !! Taz gets kayoed in the face with one of Chewy's feet, and he is knocked cold !! Chewy goes for the flying kick, but Raven dodges it and catches Chewy on the left ankle with a NICE chair shot !! He then DDTs him onto a metal car bumper, and Chewy is seeing stars !! Taz is regaining his senses, and applies the chokehold on Raven, but Raven falls back, and Taz is crushed on top of a car !! Raven gets into his car, pushes the pedal to the metal, and proceeds to run over Taz in much the same fashion the MoonDoggie was run over by Raven after the drama in the PC parking lot !! Raven goes for the pin,

Official Function of Emperor Akihito of Japan

Official Function of Emperor Akihito of Japan From the time of the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the Japanese surrender that ended World War II, the Emperor of Japan was an all-powerful god/king. The Imperial Japanese Armed Forces spent the first half of the twentieth century conquering vast swathes of Asia, fighting the Russians and the Americans, and menacing even Australia and New Zealand. With the countrys defeat in 1945, however, Emperor Hirohito was forced to renounce his divine status, as well as all direct political power. Nonetheless, the Chrysanthemum Throne endures. So, what does the current emperor of Japan actually do? Today, Hirohitos son, Emperor Akihito, sits on the Chrysanthemum Throne. According to the Constitution of Japan, Akihito is a symbol of the state and the unity of the people, deriving his position from the will of the people with whom resides sovereign power. The current emperor of Japan has official duties that include receiving foreign dignitaries, awarding decorations to Japanese citizens, convening the Diet, and officially appointing the Prime Minister as selected by the Diet. This narrow scope leaves Akihito with a lot of free time to pursue hobbies and other interests. The Emperors Schedule How does Emperor Akihito while away the hours? He gets up at 6:30 each morning, watches the news on television, and then goes for a walk with Empress Michiko around the Imperial Palace in downtown Tokyo. If the weather is inclement, Akihito drives in his 15-year-old Honda Integra. Reportedly, he obeys all traffic laws even though the roads in the Imperial Compound are closed to other vehicles, and the Emperor is exempt. The mid-day is filled with official business: greeting foreign ambassadors and royalty, handing out imperial awards, or performing his duties as a Shinto priest. If he has time, the Emperor works on his biological studies. He is a world-class expert on goby fish  and has published 38 peer-reviewed scientific papers on the topic. Most evenings include official receptions and banquets. When the Imperial Couple retires at night, they enjoy watching nature programs on TV and reading Japanese magazines. Like most royals, the Japanese Emperor and his family live an oddly isolated lifestyle. They have no need for cash, they never answer the telephone, and the Emperor and his wife eschew the internet. All of their houses, furnishings, etc. belong to the state, so the Imperial Couple does not have any personal belongings. Some Japanese citizens feel that the Imperial Family has outlived its usefulness. Most, however, are still devoted to this shadowy remnant of the former god/kings. The true role of the current emperor of Japan seems to be two-fold: to provide continuity and reassurance to the Japanese people, and to apologize to the citizens of neighboring countries for past Japanese atrocities. Emperor Akihitos mild manner, distinct lack of hauteur, and express contriteness for the past have gone some way toward repairing relations with such neighbors like China, South Korea, and the Philippines.

The 15 Most Popular Jobs in the US And How Much They Pay

The 15 Most Popular Jobs in the US And How Much They Pay ever wonder what the career landscape of the country looks like? here are the most popular jobs in the us, according to a survey citing employment data from over 1 million businesses as of may 2015–and their average annual salaries. 1. office supervisorthis title covers  first-line supervision of office and admin employees. nearly 1.5 million people have this job in the u.s, and the average pay is $56k per year.2. bookkeeping, accounting, auditingclerks in this field, numbering over 1.5 million, make an average of just under $39k per year.3. truck driverdriving heavy or tractor-trailer trucks is more popular than you might expect, with nearly 1.7 million truckers out there, making an average of $42.5k per year.4. order filler/stock clerknearly 2 million people pay their bills this way. the average pay for this position is $26k per year.5. gm or operations managerjust over 2 million people do this for a living and take home an average of almost $120k per year.6. janitor or in dustrial cleanerprofessional cleaners who don’t work in domestic situations (over 2 million!) make an average of $26k per year.7. secretary or administrative assistantnot including legal, medical, or executive assistants, there are nearly $2.3 million americans doing this, making an average of $35k per year.8. laborer/freight, stock, or material movernearly 2.5 million people in the u.s. are doing this heavy labor and taking home an average of just under $28k per year.9. waitstaff2.5 million people serve in restaurants in our country. the average annual pay is about $23k.10. customer service repthis country employs nearly 2.6 million customer service reps, making an average of $34.5k per year.11. registered nursethere are more than 2.7 million registered nurses in the u.s. making an average salary of $71k per year.12. office clerkover 2.9 million people work as office clerks, making just under $32k per year on average.13. food prep and service workersincluding fast food jobs, we’re talking over 3.2 million workers, making less than $20k per year.14. cashierwith an average annual salary of just under $21k per year, there are almost 3.5 million cashiers out there.15. retail salespersonretail sales is by far the most popular job in the u.s. these days, with over 4.6 million workers. the average annual pay is just over $26k.

Should Poor People Be Provided With Food and Shelter Essay

Should Poor People Be Provided With Food and Shelter - Essay Example There are very few people that are philanthropic enough to help such people out and bring them out of their misery. On the other hand, there are other people that refuse to help such a miserable situation, and in turn create more problems for the poorer sections of society. However, despite being caught up in such situations, it is the right of every individual to be able to have food and shelter in order to survive. Food and shelter are the two necessities a person should have in order to be able to live life properly and if these are denied, then no man will be able to survive. Most people that are poor or living below the poverty line are not even able to afford square meals and provide their family with the same. They have many mouths to feed and an unstable source of income which forces many of them to even resort to actions like begging for food. Most of them do not have a house or a roof to live under and thus are subject to the worst kind of diseases. Even food and shelter be comes a distant dream for such people and they become socially excluded from a lifestyle of being able to achieve these basic resources from society. Thus, the question lies in whether or not such people should be provided with external assistance by others in order for them to be able to gain basic food supplies and a place to live in with their families. Governments in many countries provide the socially backward classes and poor people of the society with these basic amenities. There are a number of food programs taken up in such developing and under developed countries where poor people are given food grains so that they can sustain their lifestyle and be able to feed their families. In many parts of the world, the governments also build housing societies that have basic one room shelters where poor people can dwell. In most places, these houses turn into areas that are categorized as slums because of the unhygienic conditions that they form with time. It is important for people to given food and shelter because

Death Race Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Death Race - Movie Review Example The entry of the deadly Dreadnought is the main highlight of the movie. The race is posted online so this race becomes the world's most popular pay per view showing violence and killing real time. The main objective of the car race is to kill the other car racers so that the winner is the one who stays alive. Each convict who participates in the race is given a female navigator who comes from the female prison facility. The navigator is also freed if her race partner wins the race. She also dies if the car is attacked by the other race drivers. In exchange for winning in the race, the prison convict who is a winner gets to win his freedom. Jason Statham's character in this movie is that of a daily worker who is framed and is convicted for a crime he did not commit. He enters the prison and the jail warden had asked him to play the role of the evil Frankenstein. He enters the race wearing a special evil mask to hide his own identity. The objective of the other car racers who are also prison convicts is to defeat him. This movie is very relevant as it presents a setting goes against many of the basic human rights of US prison convicts. First, any form of gambling, whether internet based or site-based not is never permitted inside the premises and facilities of the US prison system. By posting the car race in the internet and encouraging gambling, the jail warden has committed a serious crime.Moreover, gambling in the internet also violates the non-profit nature of all the federal rehabilitation facilities of the US prison system. All of the prison convicts are entitled to basic human rights as provided for by the US constitution and the United Nations Human Rights Document. Maine and Vermont are the only states which even allow prisoners, parolees and probationers to vote during elections.Second, the prison convicts are forced to enter the car race or else they are threatened, penalized and put in isolation cells. This situation happened to Jason Statham wherein he was forced to join the race aga inst his will. He did not like the violence and the killing which was an integral part of the car race but the jail warden forced him to consider this or else he will be given a hard time while inside prison.This prison car race policy goes against human freedom which enables a person, even a prison convict to have the personal freedom decide to do whatever one wants without being held under duress. The movie denies the value of a human life even that of a convicted inmate. The movie also did not feature the personal rights or freedom of a convict to communicate with and consult his or her counsel in cases where he feels a degree of uncertainty in any activity he undertakes while he is in prison.Third, the prison convicts were told to compete in car racing without having the proper racing outfit, a stipulated and duly signed contract for payment and additional compensation, adequate preparatory driving training and an orientation on car safety measures. These facts violate basic hum an rights since the warden makes good money at the expense of

Motorcycle training Essay Example for Free

Motorcycle training Essay This training was developed by police officers for police officers. The information provided is meant to enhance officer knowledge and safety in the realm of motorcycle laws through enforcement and public education of those motor vehicle/motorcycle laws, and give officers the information to help reduce the number of motorcyclist killed or injured in traffic crashes. The International Association of Directors of Law Enforcement Standards and Training (IADLEST) would like to thank the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration for their help in making this training possible. Particular thanks go to Earl Hardy and William Cosby of NHTSA for their on-going guidance. We also must extend our thanks to the following individuals who participated in the curriculum development. Their knowledge and experience helped to define the content of the materials for the lesson modules and critical information was covered for law enforcement. The individuals who helped make this training a reality include the following: Mr. Richard Davis, Arkansas State Police; Lt. Jim Halvorsen, New York State Police; Lt. Michael Turcott, Washington State Police; and Mr. John Young, Texas Department of Public Safety. Special thanks to Inspector Patrick McManamon, Vermont Department of Motor Vehicles and Mr. Albert Liebno, Maryland Police Correctional Training Commissions for their feedback on improving the presentations. The information contained in this program by no means reflects the opinions of all the individuals listed. June F. Kelly, Project Manager, IADLEST. Assistant Director, Vermont Police Academy TITLE: Motorcycle Safety and Enforcement Training for LE (Law Enforcement) Lesson Purpose: To understand why the enforcement of motorcycle laws, support of national motorcycle safety enforcement efforts and best practices are critical to reduce motorcycle fatalities and injuries. Date Prepared: May 1, 2009 PURPOSE STATEMENT This training manual developed by IADLEST is intended to assist law enforcement in the enforcement of motorcycle laws. Its purpose is to share existing motorcycle laws knowledge, discuss motorcycle safety issues, the scope of problems involving enforcement of motorcycle laws, and present best practices in the realm of enforcement of motorcycle laws, sharing of safety practices for law enforcement, the motorcyclist and the public, prevention of motorcycle accidents and fill an existing gap in law enforcement training. The goal of this training is to have all police officers trained through their Police Academies or POST1 Programs. We propose to act on the knowledge gained in this course to promote â€Å"enforcement of motorcycle laws† and reduce the problem of unlicensed motorcyclists, motorcycle DUI, non- compliant helmets, and speed related crashes. P. O. S. T. is the acronym for Police Officer Standards and Training TITLE: Training for the Enforcement of Motorcycle Laws Opening Statement This training will look at situations unique to the enforcement of motorcycle laws such as the following: Why so many motorcycles injuries and fatalities and what can law enforcement do through public education and enforcement? Motorcycle Types and Characteristics Safety Laws Related to Equipment and Operation Motorcycle licensing and speeding issues Officer and Motorcyclist Safety Consider â€Å"distracted driver† issues and how critical it is to operating a motorcycle. Driver talking to passenger Cell phone use (yes, in a car and even on a motorcycle) Talking to another motorcyclist, riding two or three abreast Strategies for traffic stops Strategies to avoid pursuit situations Crash Investigation Detection of impaired motorcyclists Detection of non-compliant helmets Latest on enforcement public relations campaigns Specific course objectives. 1. Why this course? Explain national statistics bulleted on slide. 2. Review motorcycle laws related to critical areas. Equipment Licensing requirements Alcohol-related/impaired behavior of motorcyclists Speed Enforcement Helmets FMVSS 218 and what are the pending revisions 3. Officer Safety concerns Explain and share strategies for stopping motorcycles and Strategies to avoid pursuits. 4. Motorcycle Crash Investigation awareness First Responder Safety and Motorcyclist First Aid Pointers What are some motorcycle crash investigation pointers to consider for crash investigators? Does your state have standardized data gathering and reporting for motorcycle crashes? 5. Encourage motorcycle safety and education. National Statistics 2 Injuries Fatalities According to US DOT, Motorcycle fatalities have more than doubled since 1998, increasing 130 percent over a ten year period. Registration trends Motorcycles account for 3 percent of all registered vehicles; however motorcycle fatalities represent 13 percent of traffic fatalities in the United States. Unlicensed motorcycle drivers1 out 4 motorcycle riders (25%) involved in fatal crashes in 2008 were not properly licensed. DUI is a factor in fatalities Alcohol is a significant factor in far too many motorcycle fatal crashes. In 2008, 29 percent of all fatally injured motorcycle operators had BAC levels of . 08 or higher, and 43 percent of those killed in single-vehicle crashes were over . 08 BAC, and that number jumps to 64 percent on weekend nights. Helmet Use Nationally Helmet Laws from State to State   20 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico require helmet use by all;   Other States have â€Å"partial helmet† laws based on age or no laws requiring helmet use. Enforcement Issues   There is limited training on enforcement of motorcycle laws because most police academies across the country do not have courses on the topic or only provide brief coverage on motorcycle laws in their basic motor vehicle law classes.   Training on motorcycle law enforcement is often specialized and appeals to those that ride. Most law enforcement officers do not ride motorcycles so they do not know what to look for regarding motorcycle equipment, helmets and the laws. Motorcycle Risks Motorcyclists Are at Risk from Other Drivers. Drivers of passenger vehicles and all types of vehicles need to be alert of motorcycles. Motorcycles are small and may be difficult for drivers of other vehicles to see.   Motorcycles have a much smaller profile than other vehicles.   Due to the smaller profile it can be difficult to judge the speed and distance of an approaching motorcycle.   After a crash, the drivers of other vehicles involved often say they never saw the motorcyclist and were unable to respond in time.   In the event of a crash, a motorcyclist is much more vulnerable and in much greater danger physically than other vehicle occupants. In fact, â€Å"Per vehicle mile traveled in 2007, motorcyclists are about 37 times more likely than passenger car occupants to die in a traffic crash and 9 times more likely to be injured. † National Statistics Motorcyclist Deaths are Rising.   In 2008, motorcycle rider fatalities increased for the tenth straight year.   During 2008, 5,290 motorcyclists lost their lives in fatal highway crashes, an increase of 2 percent over the 5,174 motorcyclists killed in 2007.   Motorcycle riders were involved in more than one out of nine of all U. S. roadway fatalities. 47 percent of all fatalities in motorcycle crashes in 2008 involved another vehicle in addition to the motorcycle in the crash.   77 percent of all two-vehicle crashes involving a motorcycle were struck in the front with only 7 percent struck in the rear.   In 41 percent of the crashes involving a motorcycle and another type of vehicle, the other vehicle was turning left when the motorcycle was going straight, passing, or overtaking the vehicle.   In 2008, 35 percent of all motorcycle riders involved in fatal crashes were speeding. Law Enforcement. Law enforcement has a special contribution to make in the prevention of motorcycle crashes. Some of these contributions are simple and some are very difficult: dirt bikes in traffic are an obvious hazard; unlicensed motorcyclists are difficult to detect, and according to the Hurt study impaired motorcycle riders are far more difficult to detect than impaired automobile drivers. The increases involvement of the unlicensed rider in all crashes, and the impaired rider in fatal crashes, demands enforcement action, but legal requirements of due cause for a traffic stop may limit this action. These edited comments are a part of the Hurt Study released in 1981, which tried to research motorcycle crash cause factors and identify countermeasures to use in the idea of providing the basis of due cause for preliminary enforcement action and screening of traffic for unlicensed riders. One fundamental rider communication measure suggested in the study was enforcement action by ticketing for a for a traffic violation. The data of this research shows that driver improvement is vital to those motorcycle riders who have had traffic violations or crashes, and experience has shown that a special motorcycle traffic school is an effective alternative to the payment of a fine for a citation. Advantage should be made of this contact opportunity to require a special motorcycle traffic school for motorcycle riders with traffic citations so that critical information can be given to these likely crash candidates. The Hurt study was cited in many references about motorcycle crash cause studies and countermeasures over the years. This study is now 30 years old. A new study is currently under commission through the Motorcycle Safety Foundation to the Oklahoma Transportation Center for the â€Å"new Motorcycle Crash Causation Study†. The hope is that this study will shed new light on the causes of crashes and update the old data. HURT STUDY – Highlights Key Points Learned 75% M/C crashes involve another vehicle 2/3 of those crashes other vehicle failed to yield right of way to M/C Failure of motorist to recognize M/C is predominate cause of crash Crash configuration—M/C traveling straight other vehicle turning maneuver Riders 16 and 24 of age are over-represented in these crashes (96% male) 92% of the riders we self taught without any â€Å"formal† training 50% of fatal M/C riders had alcohol usage Motorcyclist had significant collision avoidance problems, i. e. , over/under braking, poor ability to counter steer and swerve, etc. Typically less than 2 seconds for motorcyclist to react Motorcycles equipped with fairings and windshields low crash involvement – maybe related to conspicuity (more frontal surface) High number of M/C riders had no M/C license , no license of any type or were suspended/revoked

Woodlot Eco-Boxes Essay :: essays research papers

I observed many different organisms in the woodlot, including both heterotrophs and autotrophs. The producers I found include birch trees, sugar maples, white pines, grasses, and berries, as well as various weeds and small plants. The consumers that I observed were all first-order consumers and included ants, grasshoppers, a salamander, spiders, and other species of bugs. Decomposers visible in the woodlot included fungi, mold, and mosses. There were some traces of indirect animal evidence left in the woodlot. For example, I noticed unbroken paintballs, which is a sign of humans trespassing in the woodlot. I also observed plants with holes, which showed decay and diseases and could have been accomplished by other organisms eating the producers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many steps that show the flow of energy in the woodlot community. The sun gives off light and heat energy to the heterotrophs. Producers use the light from the sun, nutrients in the soil, and chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis. The producers are then either consumed by first-order consumers, or are broken down by decomposers such as fungi, which uses mycelium to absorb nutrients from the plants. I did not notice any second or third order consumers present in the woodlot to consume the first order consumers, however I did notice traces of them in forms such as burrows under rocks, and holes in the ground. There is a constant flow of mechanical energy in the woodlot, as animals use it when they eat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Yes, the woodlot does support the â€Å"ecological pyramid† concept. First, there is interaction among organisms, and there is a good balance of heterotrophs and autotrophs, which create a thriving environment of both types of organisms.

Insanity or Feigned Madness

Throughout William Shakespeare’s play, Hamlet, the protagonist, Prince Hamlet, is faced with avenging the cruel murder of his Father. In attempts for vengeance, Hamlet feigns madness as a ploy to perform actions he would normally be prohibited from and as a way to prevent people from taking him seriously, thus allowing him to execute his plans unnoticed. He uses his ‘insanity’ as a way to vent his feelings and thoughts towards other characters as shown when he is speaking to Claudius, Gertrude and Ophelia. Hamlet blatantly states on various occasions that he in fact is not mad and even says that he will put on an â€Å"antic disposition†. He also only portrays his madness when necessary for his underlying goal, but when there is no need to deceive, Hamlet acts as a perfectly sane person would which is demonstrated when he speaks to Horatio as well as the actors. Finally in comparison to Ophelia, who is the portrait of madness and has undergone similar tragedies as Hamlet, he appears as normal as anyone else. Hamlet appears to be mad as a way to vent his emotions and conceal any action he plans to take against Claudius to avenge his father. This is part of Hamlets initial plan when he tells Horatio and Marcellus that he will â€Å"put an antic disposition on†(I. v. 173) and that they must swear not to speak a word of his feigned madness. This allows Hamlet to maintain his appearance of insanity thus allowing him to make his remarks of disgust towards Gertrude and Claudius without being punished or taken seriously as a sane prince would be. Through his act, Hamlet is able to vent his feelings towards Gertrude about how she married too soon after the death of his father and is even able to criticize her. Hamlet also uses his feigned madness as an excuse for his actions. This is shown when Hamlet apologizes to Laertes: Was’t Hamlet wrong’d Laertes? Never Hamlet: If Hamlet from himself be ta’en away, And when he’s not himself does wrong Laertes, Then Hamlet does it not, Hamlet denies it. Who does it then? His madness: if’t be so,(V. ii. 224) Even in Hamlets apology he makes it seem as though he is mad. The line â€Å"If Hamlet from himself be ta’en away† represents the modern description of madness stating that Hamlet was not all there. He also speaks about himself in third person, which is seen for the first time in the play, and also conveys the principle of madness. By apologizing in a ‘mad state of mind’, Hamlet hopes to make his insanity more believable thus making it easier for Laertes to accept it. By feigning insanity, Hamlet is able avoid questions about his peculiar behavior and is able to focus on his revenge on Claudius. Hamlet only uses his guise of madness when necessary. Proving his sanity, Hamlet is able create a play based on what the ghost of his father told Hamlet about his death. Also when telling Horatio, a scholar, of his plan Hamlet not only appeared sane but Horatio had no issues with his instructions â€Å"Observe mine uncle: if his occulted guilt Do not itself unkennel in one speech it is a damned ghost we have seen,†(III. ii. 79) Hamlet tells Horatio to watch Claudius for any signs of guilt. Showing that he is not insane, Hamlet also questions the intentions of the ghost and whether it is good or evil. If he were mad, then he would not even contemplate the intentions of the ghost. Above all Hamlet was correct with his plan and the king did in fact show signs guilt. Even other characters notice that Hamlet is not completely mad. A prime example is when Polonius was speaking to Hamlet and says, â€Å"Though this be madness, yet there is method in’t. †(II. ii. 204). Although Hamlet was able to fool Polonius that he was indeed mad, Polonius notices that Hamlet’s remarks are full of meaning and quick-witted, no easy task for a man who is truly insane but not as difficult for a man nearly playing the role. Polonius’ analysis of Hamlet proves to be true when Hamlet tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern that he in fact is not mad. I am but mad north-north-west. When the wind is southerly, I know a hawk from a handsaw. (II. ii. 376). Though spoken in an unconventional way, Hamlet blatantly states that he is not mad. Hidden within that statement, Hamlet also was able to convey the message that he can recognize his enemies, â€Å"I know a hawk from a handsaw†. Some have analyzed this quote as an attack towards Rosencrantz and Guildenstern1. Hamlet is not mad he is merely feigning it and with his knowledge of acting he is doing an exceptional job. Similarly to Hamlet, Ophelia suffers the same tragic loss of a father. Cambridge University did a study on the effects of losing a parent and came to the conclusion that â€Å"The death of a parent imposes an unexpected crisis for most healthy, well-functioning adults. This crisis can result in high levels of physiological distress, increased risk for depression, impaired physical health, or increase alcohol consumption. These effects go largely unrecognized by everyone except those going through the loss. †(Umberson,7). This study proves true to Hamlet who undergoes similar signs of depression and physiological distress. Ophelia on the other hand shows true signs of insanity. She is unable to process thoughts logically and when she falls in the water she is unable, or unwilling, to sense the danger at hand and drowns without the slightest struggle. Unlike Ophelia, Hamlet is constantly thinking and rationalizing his possible actions. This is shown when Hamlet has the opportunity to kill Claudius: Now might I do it, now he is a-praying; and now I’ll do’t: and so he goes to heaven: and so am I revenged. That would be scann’d: A villain kills my father, and for that, I, his sole son, do this same villain send to heaven. (III,iii,74-79) Hamlet’s thoughts follow a logical progression that shows his understanding of the situations around him. With the chance to kill Claudius, Hamlet realizes that by killing him while he is repenting his sins, Hamlet would thereby be sending him to heaven and thus doing Claudius a favour. Hamlet proves that he is sane by having the ability to think logically and therefore in comparison to Ophelia he is far from madness. The question of Hamlet’s sanity is one that has been questioned since the moment Hamlet was first performed. Madness is one of the main elements driving the plot and as the play progresses, Hamlet’s depiction of a madman becomes increasingly believable. His feigned madness is a mere ploy for vengeance on Claudius and should not be mistaken for true insanity. Hamlet himself states that he is not mad and will put on an â€Å"antic disposition† and in comparison to Ophelia, Hamlet is the picture of sanity. In William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, Young Hamlet feigns madness in attempts to avenge the death of his father and although he shows signs of depression he should not be believed to be a madman.

Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence Essay

Annotative Bibliography Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This book gives us the history about assault on spouses. Dutton talks of two major social phenomena that emerged in North American and the Western countries in Europe. Long and tedious struggle of women led their rights get recognized. It goes further to state the measures and incidences of violence including theories concerning women as sault. The cycle of violence and people who possess abusive personalities are state devenas sault on men.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ideas in this book are crucial for they teach about recognizing one another especially those who possess violent personalities. It is good for the society for it educates one to accept one’s rights and difference between marriage duties and rights. It also shows us that we can eliminate all odds in our society and try to make each and every person feel that he or she belongs to it fully without any intimidation or discrimination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dutton’s ideas can be used to help those who possess abusive personality by attending psychiatrists and avoid in ganyabusive behavior. It can be used to educates pouses in a marriage so that they will evade future marriage problems. Also, in the current globalized world, the ideas in this book can help us socialize and live together in peace and harmony especially in the domestic set up. This book can help people who are married to other cultures to harmonize or leave those cultures and then live with the acceptance and respect of each other’s rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Weiss, Elaine. Surviving Domestic Violence: Voices of Women Who Broke Free. Volcano: Volcano Press, 2004. Print.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this book, Surviving Domestic Violence: Voices of Women Who Broke Free, Weiss wrote about several stories of women who had been subjected to domestic violence. She got these stories by interviewing and later writing them down. The book talks of what they went through and how they later managed to escape it. It gives reasons as to why such incidences were happening. After escape, the women took a very long time finally to recover the psychological and wounds they got due to this violence. But also, some were yet to recover fully for the or deal they went through changed their lives negatively. Those who man aged to deal with stress after coming out say that they are stronger than ever.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The different stories taught in this book are the true causes and effects of domestic related violence. They bring a bout what one goes through and how one feels while under going the violence. Also, it helps to understand what to do when such incidences happen. It also shows its effects and how they change one’s life, therefore, targeting those who abuse their partners. This book is a very good example as it shows us that those who have already freed themselves from them aritalabuses can educate others like they out hand couples about domestic violence so that they refrain from them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The stories are very encouraging for they give people motivation to solve their problems and also how one can escape this. They can be used by those specialists in parental guidance and counseling to help them shape their marriage when such incidences are reported to them and even before couples get married. The ideas in this book can enable those undergoing abuses to get out and look for a better marriage partner. One only needs to accept that he or she is undergoing domestic violence and there fore fit cannot solve; one can boldly walk away and start life afresh. Marriage is not slavery, but it’s a path towards achieving your goals in life as one needs a partner who is willing to assist where possible so that they make all their dreams in life to happen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence Cook, Philip W. Abused Men:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence. Westport: Praeger, 2009. Print. Cook exposes humongous through domestic violence silently. He talks of how real it is that men are going through domestic violence without the society suspecting. He brings several stories of men who have been undergoing through such violence from their wives for a longtime. Then goes further to give tips that can help one to find freedom from any form of abuse. He talks of resist ascend acceptance for those who are abusing their spouses and how they come to realize that each and every person deserves respect. He also talks of new great approaches that can be used to reduce domestic violence. He then gives survey statistics of domestic violence in Canada and also how the relationship changes between the offenders to their victims.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story is helpful in realizing what some men undergo. It gives statistics of domestic violence that people are not ready to discuss. The society is helped to recognize men who are undergoing domestic abuses from their spouses. The statistics helps people to know how long they have been living with their friends undergoing abuses without even realizing it. It talks of acceptance that can help those who are yet to accept their spouse the way they are. It is helpful for it shows how much men can be subjected to torture with use of dangerous tools. Such tools include; knives, machetes and any other type of a life-threatening tool or machine so that one can force their partner to follow their commands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cook’s ideas can be used to know theme who are undergoing abuses from their wives and enable us to help them come out of the problem. Also, it encourages courage especially those who are not courageous enough to come out and tell their ordeal to the society. This book can help men to free themselves away from any form of abuse and intimidation from their partners. This book is crucial as it can be used to tell the extent in which men undergo violence in real life situations. Men can also use this book to help them evade any other form of domestic violence against them and there fore reducing the number of men who die as a result of domestic violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Howard, Louise, Louise Howard, Gene Feder, and Roxane Agnew-Davies. Domestic Violence and Mental Health. London: RCPsych Publications, 2013. Print.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This book has been written collectively by different authors who specialize in domestic violence ideas. Its about prevalence and physical health impacts of domestic violence. It talks about types of abuses in marriage such as physical abuse, sexualabuse, psychologic alabuseand coercive control and also it questions them and gives clues on their solution. It also tackles the effects of a person’s psychology which is deeply affected even in the future that may not get them out of his mind. It stresses on the survival strategies to evade such a busesand also how one can control his or her mind to avoid damaging his or her psychology. In addition, it states the methods of interventions and responses people can take after or when you suspect any form of violence. Advice from professionals on domestic violence is also written down.This text has directives on what causes mental problems after abuse. It also gives us ways on how to control our selves and maintain a state of calmness so as not disturb our stressed mind. It educates us on different forms of domestic violence. Different qualified professionals wrote it, and each field is well represented. It is an important text for it has the advices on domestic violence from professionals.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story in this book can help us to evade mental problems due to domestic abuses. It can also be used by psychiatrists to know what causes a certain mental disorder, and they can use the idea shere to enable their clients who are undergoing this problem to get out of it. It can also be used to educate couples so that when they are not in good terms to try to their best solve the problem before itgets out of hand. The advices written in this book can also apply in the same way to advice people especially those undergoing domestic violence depending on the cause and the kind of violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kubany, Edward S., Mari A. McCaig, and Janet R. Laconsay. Healing the trauma of domestic violence: A workbook for women. New Harbinger Pubns Inc, 2004. Print.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The book, Healing the Trauma of Domestic Violence: A Workbook for Women, is directed to those who have bee nfreed from domestic violence and especially women. Due to violent domestic situations, one may develop post-traumatic stress disorders which are not easy to get out of one’s mind and can negatively affect that person. It aims at giving programs known as cognitive trauma therapy which one undergoes to help him or her comeback to normal. It gives the techniques one can use them to help himself or herself by identifying any form of trauma and distress. And by so doing it can enable one to deal with it to help control and change his or her life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This book is targeting those who have been affected by domestic violence so that they come back to normal for those who were traumatized. It is an educational tool for the society to understand the devastating effects of wife battering. Therefore, it makes us even to identify those who are going through post-traumatic stress. It contains technics, and procedures one can follow so that they make him deal any results brought by domestic violence. It is also helpful as I the psychoses out any fears one has due to what they went through during that horrifying period of domestic violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychiatrists can use this book to help traumatized people by helping them to comeback to normal. The ideas here can help us even to identify those going through stress in their marriage so that they help before it’s too late. Parents who are not in good terms can use this book to read and understand what one may go through if such incidences happen. The techniques in this book about dealing with trauma after violence can be used by psychiatrists to help client swhounderwentt his or deal. Therefore, they identify what the form of trauma is, and this can help them to accordingly better their lives. It can also be used individually as one can remember well what went wrong in that marriage and helped them better their lives. References Cook, Philip W. Abused Men: The Hidden Side of Domestic Violence. Westport: Praeger,  2009. Print. Dutton, Donald G. Rethinking Domestic Violence. Vancouver: UBC Press,  2006. Print. Howard, Louise, Louise Howard, Gene Feder, and Roxane Agnew-Davies. Domestic Violence and Mental Health. London: RCPsych Publications,  2013. Print. Kubany, Edward S., Mari A. McCaig, and Janet R. Laconsay. Healing the trauma of domestic violence: A workbook for women. New Harbinger Pubns Inc, 2004. Print. Weiss, Elaine. Surviving Domestic Violence: Voices of Women Who Broke Free. Volcano: Volcano Press,  2004. Print. Source document

Your Place or Mine Essay

Your Place or Mine Essay Your Place or Mine Essay Brooks Kittoe Relational Communications Your Place or Mine I did the first puzzle in my living room with my roommate. We did have the television on which was a little bit of a distraction but other than that we got right down to solving the puzzle. We both read it one time and then we sat there and thought in our heads. I came up with the answer of 3 trips with one trip taking two missionaries, next trip taking one missionary and one cannibal, and the last trip of two cannibals. My roommate agreed and then he thought if there were any other ways which we concluded that we thought there was another way to do the 3 trips. The puzzle was pretty easy to do at home because we weren’t distracted by anything except the television which was pretty quiet at the time. We were sitting in chairs across the living room and each read the problem a couple times. I don’t believe the environment changed anyway that we would have approached that puzzle. My roommate and I ended up doing the second puzzle at a Subway duri ng the lunch hour on Tuesday. Not sure why I picked to do the second puzzle there because it turned out to be much more difficult than the first. We go to Subway, got out food, and grabbed a booth. While we were eating we both read over the puzzle for the first time. At Subway it was much harder to concentrate on doing that puzzle. Lots of people were coming in and out of Subway and everyone was talking about what is going on or they are catching up with a friend. We were also sitting next to a window so both of us would be looking out at most passing cars and people. Doing this puzzle at Subway was

African American Contributions to American History Essay Example for Free

African American Contributions to American History Essay Africa (768) , African American (597) , African (466) , American history (69) Haven't found the essay you want? Get your custom sample essay for only $13.90/page ? Many blacks contributed to the success of our country in every war that we as a people have ever fought. In order to properly thank them for their heroic effort, I as a Hispanic Caucasian must give credit where credit is due. In order to properly do so, I must begin with the contributions of â€Å"Black America† beginning with the American Revolution and continue up until the World War II. Make no mistake blacks made contributions well past World War II, but in the interest of time and accuracy I must stay within the confines of our earlier history. One main aspect that should be analyzed is the fact that no matter how hard the struggle, blacks have always overcome adversity no matter what the cost. Of course, contributions made by blacks are not limited to war alone, but include a wide spectrum of achievements that have advanced civilization as a whole. My personal respect and thanks go to all people who have served and continue to serve this country at any capacity. But we must never forget the contributions made by our black brothers and sisters who gave their lives fighting for a cause that so greatly affected their lives as well as our well being. Charles Dickens said it best in his book A Tale of Two Cities, â€Å"It was the best of times it was the worst of times†. The American Revolution was a time of great struggle for people of all races. But, Blacks in particular understood the literal meaning of patriot rhetoric, eagerly took up the cause of American freedom, fighting bravely in the early confrontations with the British. Though the revolution freed some blacks and set the country on a course toward the abolition of slavery, political accommodation to plantation owners forestalled emancipation for many blacks in the south for 90 more years. A black man was one of the first martyrs of the patriot cause. Crispus Attucks, apparently a slave who had run away from his owner 20 years before, died in the Boston Massacre in 1770. Though facts were disputed at trials then as now, witnesses said Attucks hit a British officer with a large piece of firewood, grabbed a bayonet and urged the crowd to attack just before the British fired. Attucks and two others were killed while eight were wounded, two mortally. Blacks served at the battles of Lexington and Concord. Peter Salem, a freed slave, stood on the green at Lexington facing the British when the first battle broke out with the shot that was heard around the world. One of the last men wounded in the battle as the British escaped to Boston was Prince Estabrook, a black man from West Lexington. At least 20 blacks, including Peter Salem, were in the ranks two months later when the British attacked an American position outside Boston in the Battle of Bunker Hill. Salem has been honored for firing the shot that killed Major John Pitcairn, the British officer who led the Redcoats when they had attacked his small unit at Lexington. Unable to venture outside Boston and then threatened with cannon surrounding the city, the British left Boston for New York. As the war changed from a Massachusetts endeavor to a broader conflict throughout the colonies, the politics of race changed dramatically. Blacks had been welcomed in the New England militia, but Congress initially decided against having them in the Continental army. Congress needed support from the South if all the colonies were to win their independence from England. Since southern plantation owners wanted to keep their slaves, they were afraid to give guns to blacks. Congress ordered all blacks removed from the army, but black veterans appealed directly to George Washington, who took up their cause with John Hancock, president of the Continental Congress. Blacks serving in the army were allowed to stay, but new enlistments were forbidden. Though the Declaration of Independence declared that â€Å"all men were created equal,† many blacks soon saw more opportunity on the British side. The British governor of Virginia promised immediate freedom and wages to any slave who would join the Kings army. Hundreds flocked to the standard of the governor, Lord Dunmore, but he was denied a base on the land by the American forces and many of the blacks who joined him died of smallpox on overcrowded ships. The loyalty of blacks was a serious issue for the American leaders because blacks made up one-fifth of the two million people in the colonies. With the British soldiers already outnumbering the American troops, and recruitment difficult for the patriots, the northern colonies soon again began to enlist blacks. Rhode Island made up a regiment almost entirely of blacks. As the war continued, colonies as far south as Maryland and Virginia were recruiting free blacks for the American cause. As the war spread into the South, Congress found it needed to recruit slaves. It offered to pay South Carolina slave owners $1,000 for able-bodied male slaves. The slaves would receive no pay, but would be given $50 and their freedom at the end of the war if they served â€Å"well and faithfully. † The South Carolina Assembly threatened to leave the war, dooming the plan in the southernmost colonies. Recruitment of blacks to the American cause continued further north, but the patriots had less success than the British. The offer of immediate freedom extended by Virginia’s unfortunate loyalist governor was eventually made by the British throughout the colonies. Slaves joined the British by the tens of thousands. The fate of the loyalist blacks varied considerably. Some were captured by Americans and either returned to their masters or treated as war loot and sold back into slavery. Approximately 20,000 were with the British at the end of the war, taken to Canada or the Caribbean. Some became the founders of the British colony of Sierra Leone in West Africa. Even though the British offered slaves a better deal, many blacks served on the American side. They made up a sizeable share of the men in the Continental navy, state navies and the large force of American privateers. Blacks had long been in the labor force on ships and at seaports. On the water, then as now, skill counted for more than politics. The precise role of blacks in the revolution is difficult to quantify. Blacks in those days generally did not write. The people who did write early histories of the revolution were whites and concentrated on the efforts of white men. Also, many participants in the revolution were not specifically identified by race in the documents of the time and historians now have no way of knowing whether they were black. When blacks were allowed to serve in the American military, they often did work as laborers, sometimes in addition to regular soldier duties. Usually they were privates, though a few rose to command small groups of men. The words of the Declaration of Independence were taken literally by blacks and some whites. In, 1780, Pennsylvania became the first colony to pass a law phasing out slavery. Children born to slaves after that date were granted their freedom when they reached 28. Other northern states followed. The Superior Court of Massachusetts held in 1783 that slavery violated the state constitution, and New Hampshire also ended slavery by a court ruling. Vermont outlawed slavery and Connecticut and Rhode Island passed gradual emancipation laws. New York outlawed slavery in 1799 and New Jersey followed in 1804. The international slave trade was outlawed in 1808. Progress then came to a stop. A boom in cotton production spread the slave economy into the lower Mississippi Valley. Slave states were careful to control at least half the political power in the federal government, blocking any national movement against slavery until the Civil War. The 54th Massachusetts Regiment On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing the slaves in the rebelling territories of the confederacy and authorizing Black enlistment in the Union Army. Since the beginning of the Civil War, free Black people in general, and Black Bostonians in particular, were ready to gather arms on behalf of the Union, yet they were prevented from doing so. Popular racial stereotypes and institutional discrimination against Blacks in the military contributed to the prevailing myth that Black men lacked the intelligence and bravery necessary to serve their country. By the fall of 1862, however, the lack of White Union enlistment and confederate victories at Antietem forced the U. S. government to reconsider its racist policy. As Congress met in October to address the issue of Black enlistment, various troops of Black volunteers had already been organized, including the First South Carolina and the Kansas Colored Troops. It wasn’t until January 26, 1863; however, that secretary of war Edwin Stanton authorized the enlistment of Black troops. As a result, the 54th Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteer infantry was founded, becoming the first all-Black Union regiment raised in the north. Training began for Black volunteers at Camp Meigs in Reedville, MA on February 21, 1863. Although some members of the community voiced opposition to the prevention of Black men from achieving the rank of colonel or officer, most community activists urged Black men to seize the opportunity to serve in the Union forces. The fear many Black volunteers had about the potential racism of White officers and colonels was calmed when Massachusetts Governor John Andrew assured Bostonians that White officers assigned to the 54th Regiment would be â€Å"young men of military experience, of firm anti-slavery principles, ambitious, superior to a vulgar contempt for color, and having faith in the capacity of colored men for military service. † Andrew held to his word, appointing 25-year-old Robert Gould Shaw as colonel and George P. Hallowell as Lieutenant. The son of wealthy abolitionists, Shaw had been educated in Europe and at Harvard before joining the seventh New York National Guard in 1861. In 1862, when Governor Andrew contacted Shaw’s father about the prospect of commissioning his son as colonel of the soon-to-be organized fifty-fourth, Shaw was an officer in the Second Massachusetts Infantry. Although reluctant to accept the commission, Shaw eventually became colonel. By the time training began at Camp Meigs, Shaw and his officers began work with the soldiers whose bravery would forever change public perception of Black military skill and valor. Black community leaders across the country such as Frederick Douglass and William Wells Brown served as recruiting agents for the Union army. As a result, over 1000 volunteers enlisted in the 54th Regiment, a response so overwhelming that Massachusetts organized a second Black regiment, the fifty-fifth. Men of the fifty-fourth represented twenty-four states, the District of Columbia, the West Indies, and Africa. Approximately 25% of them had been slaves, over 50% were literate, and, although as civilians they had worked in forty-six different occupations, the overwhelming majorities (55%) were common laborers. Regardless of origin, occupation, or social class, the men of the 54th Regiment both inspired Boston’s Black community and provided a symbol of pride for abolitionists across the country. Activists such as William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass visited Camp Meigs to show their support. Although the organization of the 54th Regiment resolved the conflict over Black enlistment in the Union army, the struggle of Black soldiers to gain respect in the military was just beginning. Upon arrival in the south, the Black soldiers were often treated as common laborers and the potential for their valor on the battlefield was disregarded. Upon arriving in Georgia on June 11, they were ordered by Col. James Montgomery of the Department of the South to raid the town of Darien. Reports of Black soldiers burning buildings and ravaging the homes of townspeople confirmed stereotypes of Black soldiers as un-trainable brutes. Col. Shaw found the raid on Darien barbarous and distasteful, and sent a letter to Brigadier General George C. Strong, requesting that the men be used in the planned attack on Fort Wagner, South Carolina. On July 16, the 54th Regiment fought alongside White soldiers of the 10th Connecticut Infantry in a skirmish on James Island, SC. This battle redeemed the Black soldiers’ fighting ability in the eyes of White skeptics, including General Strong, who commanded the 54th Regiment to lead the assault on Fort Wagner, scheduled for July 18. Strategically, a successful attack on Fort Wagner would allow Union forces to seize control of Charleston Harbor. Located on Morris Island, Fort Wagner protected Battery Gregg overlooking Fort Sumter. Thus, seizure of Fort Wagner was valuable because it enabled the Union to shell Sumter and close the harbor to confederate blockade runners, thereby paving the way for further Union attack on Charleston. Fort Wagner was located at the northern tip of Morris Island, and was controlled by 1700 troops and 17 artillery guns. Depleted to just over 600 men by the skirmish two days previous, the men of the 54th Regiment were ordered to lead the assault on Fort Wagner with the backing of regiments from New York, Connecticut, Maine, and Pennsylvania. Before the charge commenced, Colonel Shaw ordered the regiment to â€Å"prove yourselves as men. † Within 200 feet of the Fort, the confederates began to attack as the brave men of the 54th Regiment struggled through darkness, four-foot deep water, and marshland. Colonel Shaw, accompanied by dwindling numbers of dying men, managed to reach the top of the parapet where a bitter hand-to-hand combat ensued, the Black Union soldiers with bayonets against the White Confederate soldiers with handspikes and gun rammers. Colonel Shaw was mortally wounded with a pierce through the heart, along with a dozen of his men. Meanwhile, members of the 54th Regiment – some wounded, some dying – began to retreat; those who refused to back down were taken prisoner. As the smoke cleared, evidence of Confederate victory was immediately apparent, with 174 Rebel casualties and 1515 Union soldiers dead or wounded. Of the eleven regiments who participated in the Union assault, the fifty-forth Regiment accrued the most casualties, with 256 of their 600 men dead or wounded. Despite the heavy losses, the assault on Fort Wagner proved to the nation and the world the valor of Black soldiers in general and the men of the 54th Regiment in particular. From the ranks of the fifty-forth came stories of unfailing patriotism and undying glory. The men of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, their White officers, colonel, and allies, not only struck a blow for American freedom and unity, they also proved to the nation and the world the valor, bravery, and devotion of African American soldiers. In the sacrifice made by Col. Shaw and his soldiers, Americans witnessed, for the first time, the supremacy of equality over racism, discrimination, and ignorance. Upon his death at Fort Wagner, the body of Col. Shaw was placed in a mass grave on Morris Island along with the bodies of his soldiers. The lack of proper military burial for a man who had distinguished himself as a soldier and as a leader was intended to insult the honor of Shaw and his family, who were deemed as race traitors by Confederates and White unionists alike. However, upon learning that his son had been buried with his black soldiers, Francis Shaw stated, with dignity, that â€Å"We hold that a soldier’s most appropriate burial place is on the field where he has fallen. † This statement and the honor displayed by the Shaw family and veterans of the fifty-fourth helped immortalize Shaw and his men as symbols of the Civil War battle for unity and equality. As a result of the 54th Regiment, over 180,000 Black men enlisted under the Union flag between 1863 and 1865. AFRICAN AMERICAN MILITARY SERVICE from WWI through WWII. During the global conflicts of the first half of the 20th century, U. S. servicemen fought in Europe for the first time in the nation’s history. African Americans were among the troops committed to combat in World War I (WWI) and World War II (WWII), even though they and other black Americans were denied the full blessings of the freedom for which the United States had pledged to fight. Traditional racist views about the use of black troops in combat initially excluded African Americans from the early recruiting efforts and much of the actual combat in both wars. Nonetheless, large numbers of African Americans still volunteered to fight for their country in 1917-18 and 1940-45. Once again, many black servicemen hoped their military contribution and sacrifice would prove to their white countrymen that African Americans desired and deserved a fully participatory role in U. S. society. Unfortunately, the deeply entrenched negative racial attitudes prevalent among much of the white American population, including many of the nation’s top military and civilian leaders, made it very difficult for blacks to serve in the military establishment of this period. African-American servicemen suffered numerous indignities and received little respect from white troops and civilians alike. The historic contributions by blacks to the defense of the United States were usually ignored or downplayed, while combat failures similar to those of whites and violent racial incidents often provoked by whites were exaggerated into a condemnation of all African Americans. In the â€Å"Jim Crow† world of pre-1945 America, black servicemen confronted not only the hostility of enemies abroad but that of enemies at home. African-American soldiers and sailors had two formidable obstacles to deal with: discrimination and segregation. Yet, black servicemen in both world wars repeatedly demonstrated their bravery, loyalty, and ability in combat or in support of frontline troops. Oftentimes, they accomplished these tasks without proper training or adequate equipment. Poor communications and a lack of rapport with their white officers were two additional burdens hampering the effectiveness and efficiency of African Americans in the military. Too frequently, there was little or no recognition or gratitude for their accomplishments. One of the worst slights of both wars was the willingness of the white establishment to allow racism to influence the award of the prestigious Medal of Honor. Although several exceptionally heroic African Americans performed deeds worthy of this honor, not one received at the time the award that their bravery and self-sacrifice deserved. It took over 70 years for the United States to rectify this error for WWI and over 50 years for WWII. Despite the hardships and second-class status, their participation in both wars helped to transform many African-American veterans as well as helped to eventually change the United States. Though still limited by discrimination and segregation at home, their sojourn in Europe during WWI and WWII made many black servicemen aware that the racial attitudes so common among white Americans did not prevail everywhere else. The knowledge that skin color did not preclude dignity and respect made many black veterans unwilling to submit quietly to continuing racial discrimination once they returned to the United States. In addition, the growing importance of black votes beginning in the 1930s and 1940s forced the nation’s political and military leaders to pay more attention to African Americans’ demands, particularly in regard to the military. Although it was a tedious and frustrating process, one too often marked by cosmetic changes rather than real reform, by the end of WWII, the U. S. military establishment slowly began to make some headway against racial discrimination and segregation within its ranks. The stage was set for President Harry S Truman’s landmark executive order of 26 July 1948. Another main contribution of note would be the trails and tribulations of the Tuskegee Airmen. In the 1940’s, it was still believed that Blacks were incapable of flying aircraft. This myth was dispelled with the help of the U. S. Congress. On June 27, 1939 – THE CIVILIAN PILOT TRAINING ACT was passed. This solitary ACT helped to create a reserve of civilian pilots to be called in case of War. Young black pilots were given the opportunity to train with U. S. approved programs located at TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE. The SELECTIVE SERVICE ACT OF 1940 also increased the opportunity for a broader participation of Blacks in the military when it banned discrimination in the selection and training of all American citizens because of race and color. The success of the CIVILIAN PILOT TRAINING ACT helped put the 99TH PURSUIT SQUADRON OF TUSKEGEE on the map. It was said that â€Å"the success of Negro youth in the Army Air Force would be predicated upon the success of the ‘Tuskegee Experiment. ‘† HBO’s docudrama, THE TUSKEGEE AIRMEN, is a good depiction of this era of Black Americans seeking acceptance as military pilots. Because of the opportunity provided by the Civilian Pilot Training Act, the number of Blacks in the ARMY AIR FORCE jumped from 2,250 in 1941 to over 145,000 by 1944. The two major groups to see combat as AAF men were the 99TH PURSUIT SQUADRON and the 332ND FIGHTER GROUP. Out of the 332nd Group came the 100th, 301st, and 302nd Squadrons under the command of Lieutenant Colonel BENJAMIN O. DAVIS, SR. , who became America’s FIRST AFRICAN AMERICAN GENERAL on October 25, 1940. By 1944, the 99th was added to the 332nd and participated in campaigns in Sicily, Rome, and Romania. The 99th and 332nd earned many DISTINGUISHED UNIT CITATIONS. These historical examples are but a small sample of the many great contributions and sacrifices made by black people in order to secure freedom and prosperity for this great nation. We owe them a debt than can never be fully repaid. If anything these great contributions should curtail any negative or racial thoughts toward such a magnanimous people. You would think that with all that has transpired throughout history, that we as a people could live and coexist together with peace and harmony. My only hope is that with time people will come to realize that we are all not that different from one another and that we can thrive together for a better future for all of us. African American Contributions to American History. (2016, Dec 16).

Studies in Interpersonal Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Studies in Interpersonal Communication - Essay Example The same applies to preaching in different denominations. In order for the sermon to be effective, the congregants should show a desire to listen to what the preacher is saying. It can be observed that those who listen well are likely to gain more information from the people speaking at a particular period. Basically, communication is primarily concerned with creating meaning from the messages passed from the sender to receiver and this is possible if the parties involved are willing to listen to each other. The other important aspect about listening is that it creates mutual benefits to the parties involved in the communication process. It is suggested that listening to feedback from others helps us to understand what is being said and correct any misunderstanding that may arise (Burley-Allen , 169). In interpersonal communication, deception is very common. â€Å"Deception can vary from blatant lies to indirect actions such as exaggerations and false implications† (Hopper & Bell, 1984 as cited in Stewart, Zediker. & Witteborn, ND, p. 330). It can be noted that deception can be either intentional or unintentional. However, the controversy about deception is that some people believe that some motives of deception are positive while others are of the view that it â€Å"is always damaging to the relationship (Stewart, Zediker. & Witteborn, ND, p. 329). There are various implications of deception on interpersonal communication. People often use deception for personal gain and some individuals often view it as honest lying. In order to gain something, people choose to deceive others so that they can gain the special favour. However, even this action can be good to the other party, it is viewed as damaging to the other party. This brings out the controversy where there is lack of general agreement about deception for it being good or bad. The interactive